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CONTRIBUTION TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF PHYSICS OF HTSC

III. THE CHARGE CARRIERS ARE MADE OF TWO COMPONENTS (two different kinds of charge carriers)
Experimental evidence for a second component for doped holes: 3d9L carriers with a mixed orbital angular momentum of b1 (ml=2) [or 3d3z2-r 2 ] and a1 (ml=0.1) [or 3d(z2)] symmetry

 "Bianconi, De Santis et al. (1988) have made a high resolution, polarized study of the structure and symmetry of the unoccupied hole states in YBa2Cu3O7-y.By varying y they identify an extra spectral density from 932 to 935.5 eV for y=0.0-0.15 which is absent for y>0.3. They assign the new peak to transitions from 3d9L* to 2p3d10L* final state, where L* denotes the hole in the ligand orbital (present in the ground state).... The hole-induced peak is more intense for x rays polarized along the c axis than for x rays polarized in the Cu-O plane.... Bianconi, De Santis et al. (1988) suggest that holes must therefore have strong O4 character, since the O4 atom is the only O atom with p(z) orbitals that couple to d(z2) Cu orbitals, and it does so for both Cu1 and Cu2 sites.
The corresponding data for Bi2Sr2CaCuO2Oy (Tc=85 K samples, presumably with y near 8) have been reported by Bianconi, Castrucci et al. (1988).... Since the hole band appears in both polarizations, Bianconi, Castrucci et al. (1988) suggest that the unoccupied states involve both Cu d(z2) and Cu d(x2-y2) character in this material."

Excerpt from the review paper by Warren E. Pickett "Electronic structure of the high temperature oxide superconductors" published in Review Modern Physics Vol. 61, No 2, April 1989, 433-510; (from pag. 473)

see more by this:(5) "Determination of the symmetry of the 3d9L states" by A. Bianconi, M. De Santis, A. Di Cicco, A. M. Flank, A. Fontaine, P. Lagarde, H. Katayama-Yoshida, A. Kotani and A. Marcelli published in Physical Review B (Rapid Communications) Vol. 38, pag. 7196-7199 (1988)
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see more by this:(6) "Symmetry of the hole states in single crystals of high Tc superconductors" (invited talk at the Adriatico meeting held in Trieste 20 June-29 July 1988 published in the book "Towards the theoretical understanding of high Tc superconductors", edited by S. Lundquist, E. Tosatti, M. P. Tosi and Yu Lu, World Scientific Singapore pag. 615); by A. Bianconi, P. Castrucci, M. De Santis, A. Di Cicco, A. M. Flank, P. Lagarde, H. Katayama -Yoshida, A. Marcelli, and Z. X. Zhao, International Journal of Modern Physics B Vol. 1 No. 5, pag. 1151-1152(1988)

IV. COEXISTENCE OF POLARONS AND FREE CARRIERS

 "Using X-ray absorption spectroscopy Bianconi et al.36 find that... a Zhang Rice singlet pair is unstable against the creation of a similar pair, but with Cu d3z2-r 2 instead of Cu(dx2-y2) hole. They further suggest that the lattice responds to the creation of this pair by local displacements. They call the singlet pair, with the surrounding lattice deformation a dz2 polaron. There is strong experimental support for the existence of these dz2 polarons. Pulsed neutron scattering 26 and EXAFS 29 measurements show dynamic structural irregularities consistent with the assumption the neighboring apical and planar oxygen atoms vary their positions between two short time scale equilibria, which should occur when such dz2 polaron is part of the time in that vicinity."

Excerpt from the review paper by J. Ashkenazi, D. Vacaru, and C. G. Kuper "Search of the correct microscopic theory for high temperature cuprate superconductors" in High Temperature Superconductivity edited by J. Ashkenazi et al. Plenum Press New York 1991, p. 569-582 (from pag. 574)

see more by this:(7) "On the Cu 3d holes in high Tc superconductors" (Invited talk at the Miami Workshop, Miami 3-9 January 1991) by A. Bianconi, A. -M. Flank, P. Lagarde, C. Li, I. Pettiti, M. Pompa, and D. Udron, published in the book " Electronic Structure and Mechanisms of High Temperature Superconductivity" edited by J. Ashkenazi, and G. Vezzoli (Plenum, New York, 1992) pag.363-378

"In particular, calculations aiming at the realistic description of the electronic structure have indicated that, in addition to the Copper 3dx2-y2 and Oxygen 2px and 2py s orbitals included in the three-band model, the copper 3d3z2-r2 orbital may also be involved in accommodating doped holes. This has been confirmed by electron energy loss spectroscopy and polarized x-ray absorption spectroscopy".

Excerpt from the article " Effective single band models for the hih Tc cuprates. II. Role of apical oxygen" by R. Raimondi J. H. Jefferson, L. H. Feiner Phys. Rev. B vol. 53, p.p. 8774-8788 (1996) pag. 8774

see more by this: in (10) On the Orbital Angular Momentum of Cu 3d Hole States in Superconducting La2-xSrxCuO4 by M. Pompa, P. Castrucci, C. Li, D. Udron, A. M. Flank, P. Lagarde, H. Katayama-Yoshida, S. Della Longa, and A. Bianconi published in Physica C Vol. 184, pag, 102-112 (1991) "Jahn Teller (JT) polarons were proposed by a theoretical group in Basel (H.-K. Höck, H. Nikisch, and H. Thomas Helv. Phys. Acta 56, 237 (1983)). In the JT effect the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, i.e., the decoupling of nuclear and electronic motion, breakes down. The concept of JT polarons -which do not need to be small ones - ed to the discovery of copper oxide superconductors (J.G. Bednorz and K. A. Müller Z. Physics B 64, 189 (1986)). In the cuprates the small polarons are indeed of the Q2-variety as inferred from EXAFS, (Bianconi et al.) NMR, and optical pulse experiments as well as most recently by means of EPR (9). On the other hand in the manganites La 1-xCaxMnO3 they are of the Q3 type (10).
Most recent research indicates that in several copper oxides large polarons, i.e., free-carrier-type ones, and small polarons coexists as was deduced much earlier to be the case for oxides WO3-x (E. Salje and B. Guuttler Phil. Mag. B 50 607 (1984)) and NbO2.5-x(8)
These measurements indicate the coexistence of small polarons and free carriers above the concentration xt=0.09, the concentration of free carriers increases rapidly with x- xt reaching a maximum for optimal doping x=0.15."

Excerpt from the paper "The ratio of small polarons to free carriers in La 2-x SrxCuO4 derived from susceptibility measurements " by K. A. Müller, Guo-meng Zhao, K. Conder, and H. Keller
J. Phys. Condens. Matter 10 (1998) L291-L296 (see pag. L293)
(N.B. Compelling evidence for dominant role of polarons in underdoped phase come also from recent isotope effect experiments on the in plane penetration depth reported by the same authors in Guo-meng Zhao, M. B. Hunt, H. Keller, and K. A. Müller Nature 385, pag. 236 (1997).

see more by this: (8) A. Bianconi N. L Saini, A. Lanzara, M. Missori, T. Rossetti, H. Oyanagi, H. Yamaguchi, K. Oka, T. Ito Phys. Rev. Lett 76, 3412-3415 (1996).
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see more by this: (9) Coupling Between the Charge Carriers and Lattice Distortions via Modulations of the Orbital Angular Momentum ml=0 of the 3d Holes by Polarized XAS Spectroscopy (Proc. of the International M2S HTSC Conference, Kanazawa, Japan, July 22-26 1991) by M. Pompa, S. Turtù, A. Bianconi, F. Campanella, A. M. Flank, P. Lagarde, C. Li, I. Pettiti, and D. Udron published in Physica CVol. 185-189, pag. 1061-1062 (1991)
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see more by this: in (11) Y. Seino, A. Kotani and A. Bianconi published in Journal of Physical Society of Japan Vol, 59, pag. 815 (1990)
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see more by this: in (12) the invited talk at the 10th VUV conference Paris July 27-31, 1992) Full multiple scattering interpretation of the Cu L3 edge XANES in High Tc superconductors by M. Pompa, A. Bianconi, S. Della Longa, and P. Lagarde published in the book "Vacuum Ultraviolet Radiation Physics" edted by F.J. Wuilleumier Y. Petroff and I. Nenner
World Scientific Singapore1993 pag. 310-319
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see more by this: in (13) the Proc. of the EXAFS conference held in Kobe, Japan August 1992 by
A. Bianconi M. Pompa, S. Turtu, S. Pagliuca, P. Lagarde, A. M. Flank, and C. Li
Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.Vol, 32 (1993) Suppl. 32-2 pag. 581-583